Reduction and/or mitigation of spatial emissions in multi-antenna wireless communication systems for advanced networks

ABSTRACT

Facilitating the reduction and/or mitigation of spatial emissions in a multi antenna wireless communications system is provided herein. A system can comprise a memory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of operations that can comprise applying a first signal linearization to a first output signal of a first power amplifier based on a determination that an adjacent channel leakage ratio of the first output signal of the first power amplifier fails to satisfy a defined output value. The operations can also comprise applying a second signal linearization to a group of output signals of a group of power amplifiers for a defined azimuth direction associated with channel frequencies of the group of output signals and applying a third signal linearization to the group of output signals for a defined elevation direction associated with the channel frequencies of the group of output signals.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The subject patent application is a continuation of, and claims priorityto each of, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/352,730, filed Jun. 21,2021, and entitled “REDUCTION AND/OR MITIGATION OF SPATIAL EMISSIONS INMULTI-ANTENNA WIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR ADVANCED NETWORKS,”which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/818,756(now U.S. Pat. No. 11,070,405), filed Mar. 13, 2020, and entitled“REDUCTION AND/OR MITIGATION OF SPATIAL EMISSIONS IN MULTI-ANTENNAWIRELESS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR ADVANCED NETWORKS,” which is acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/229,779 (now U.S.Pat. No. 10,637,694), filed Dec. 21, 2018, and entitled “REDUCTIONAND/OR MITIGATION OF SPATIAL EMISSIONS IN MULTI-ANTENNA WIRELESSCOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS FOR ADVANCED NETWORKS,” the entireties of whichpriority applications are hereby expressly incorporated by referenceherein.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject disclosure relates generally to communications systems withmultiple antennas, and for example, to facilitating reduction and/ormitigation of spatial emissions in a wireless communications system withmultiple antennas for advanced networks (e.g., 5G and beyond).

BACKGROUND

To meet the huge demand for data centric applications, Third GenerationPartnership Project (3GPP) systems and systems that employ one or moreaspects of the specifications of the Fourth Generation (4G) standard forwireless communications will be extended to a Fifth Generation (5G)standard for wireless communications. Unique challenges exist to providelevels of service associated with forthcoming 5G, or other nextgeneration, standards for wireless communication.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various non-limiting embodiments are further described with reference tothe accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an example schematic representation of anactive-array-antenna system;

FIG. 2 illustrates an example schematic representation of a passiveantenna array system;

FIG. 3 illustrates an example graph of amplitude-to-amplitude modulationperformance of a power amplifier;

FIG. 4 illustrates an example graph of power spectral density with arealistic power amplifier;

FIG. 5 illustrates an example block diagram of a transmitter with adigital pre-distortion system that utilizes a technique for compensatingnonlinear effects of a power amplifier according to one or moreembodiments;

FIG. 6 illustrates an example graph of power spectral density with arealistic power amplifier and digital pre-distortion;

FIG. 7 illustrates an example three-dimensional plot of power spectraldensity as a function of antenna pattern and frequency;

FIG. 8 illustrates an example graph of power spectral density as afunction of antenna pattern at an adjacent frequency;

FIG. 9 illustrates an example graph of adjacent channel leakage ratio asa function of antenna pattern;

FIG. 10 illustrates an example graph of power spectral density as afunction of antenna pattern at the adjacent frequency with un-identicalpower amplifiers for each antenna element;

FIG. 11 illustrates adjacent channel leakage ratio as a function ofantenna pattern with un-identical power amplifiers for each antennaelement;

FIG. 12 illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limiting,computer-implemented method that facilitates reduction and/or mitigationof spatial emissions in multi-antenna wireless communication systems inaccordance with one or more embodiments described herein;

FIG. 13 illustrates another flow diagram of an example, non-limiting,computer-implemented method that facilitates reduction and/or mitigationof spatial emissions in multi-antenna wireless communication systems inaccordance with one or more embodiments described herein;

FIG. 14 illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limiting,computer-implemented method that facilitates reduction and/or mitigationof spatial emissions such that active-array-antenna systems can co-existwith other systems in multi-antenna wireless communication systems inaccordance with one or more embodiments described herein;

FIG. 15 illustrates an example, non-limiting, graph illustratingsimulation results of power spectral density utilizing the disclosedaspects;

FIG. 16 illustrates an example, non-limiting, device for mitigatingand/or reducing spatial emissions in advanced networks in accordancewith one or more embodiments described herein;

FIG. 17 illustrates an example block diagram of an example mobilehandset operable to engage in a system architecture that facilitateswireless communications according to one or more embodiments describedherein; and

FIG. 18 illustrates an example block diagram of an example computeroperable to engage in a system architecture that facilitates wirelesscommunications according to one or more embodiments described herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

One or more embodiments are now described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings in which example embodiments areshown. In the following description, for purposes of explanation,numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of the various embodiments. However, the variousembodiments can be practiced without these specific details (and withoutapplying to any particular networked environment or standard).

Discussed herein are various aspects that relate to mitigating and/orreducing spatial emissions in a wireless communications networkcomprising multiple antennas. For example, as provided herein reductionand/or mitigation of spatial emissions can be facilitated such thatActive-Array Antenna Systems (AAS) can co-exist with other systems. Asdiscussed herein a Power Amplifier (PA) can be linearized, which canreduce and/or mitigate Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR). Further,with linearization of the power amplifier, the spatial emissions inazimuth and elevation directions can be minimized and/or reduced bychecking the radiation pattern. Advantages of the disclosed aspects cancomprise reduction and/or mitigation of emission. Another advantage canbe increased power amplifier efficiencies. A further advantage can beeasy deployment of AAS systems even in the presence of critical systemsat adjacent frequencies.

The various aspects described herein can relate to New Radio (NR), whichcan be deployed as a standalone radio access technology or as anon-standalone radio access technology assisted by another radio accesstechnology, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE), for example. It should benoted that although various aspects and embodiments have been describedherein in the context of 5G, Universal Mobile Telecommunications System(UMTS), and/or Long Term Evolution (LTE), or other next generationnetworks, the disclosed aspects are not limited to 5G, a UMTSimplementation, and/or an LTE implementation as the techniques can alsobe applied in 3G, 4G, or LTE systems. For example, aspects or featuresof the disclosed embodiments can be exploited in substantially anywireless communication technology. Such wireless communicationtechnologies can include UMTS, Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA),Wi-Fi, Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), GeneralPacket Radio Service (GPRS), Enhanced GPRS, Third Generation PartnershipProject (3GPP), LTE, Third Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2)Ultra Mobile Broadband (UMB), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA), EvolvedHigh Speed Packet Access (HSPA+), High-Speed Downlink Packet Access(HSDPA), High-Speed Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA), Zigbee, or anotherIEEE 802.XX technology. Additionally, substantially all aspectsdisclosed herein can be exploited in legacy telecommunicationtechnologies.

As used herein, “5G” can also be referred to as NR access. Accordingly,systems, methods, and/or machine-readable storage media for facilitatinglink adaptation of downlink control channel for 5G systems are desired.As used herein, one or more aspects of a 5G network can comprise, but isnot limited to, data rates of several tens of megabits per second (Mbps)supported for tens of thousands of users; at least one gigabit persecond (Gbps) to be offered simultaneously to tens of users (e.g., tensof workers on the same office floor); several hundreds of thousands ofsimultaneous connections supported for massive sensor deployments;spectral efficiency significantly enhanced compared to 4G; improvementin coverage relative to 4G; signaling efficiency enhanced compared to4G; and/or latency significantly reduced compared to LTE.

An embodiment relates to a method that can comprise facilitating, by anetwork device of a communications network and comprising a processor, afirst application of a first pre-distortion signal to a first inputsignal of a first power amplifier based on a determination that a firstoutput signal of the first power amplifier fails to satisfy a definedoutput value. The first output signal can comprise a first channelfrequency. The method can also comprise facilitating, by the networkdevice, a second application of a second pre-distortion signal to asecond input signal of a second power amplifier for a defined azimuthdirection associated with a second channel frequency of a second outputsignal of the second power amplifier. The second output channelfrequency can be adjacent the first channel frequency. In addition, themethod can comprise facilitating, by the network device, a thirdapplication of a third pre-distortion signal to the second input signalof the second power amplifier for a defined elevation directionassociated with the second channel frequency of the second outputsignal.

In an example, the method can comprise mitigating, by the networkdevice, a radiation pattern associated with the first output signalbased on facilitating the first application of the first pre-distortionsignal, facilitating the second application of the second pre-distortionsignal, and facilitating the third application of the thirdpre-distortion signal. Further to this example, the radiation patterncan be a function of the first output signal, an antenna element patternin an azimuth domain, and the antenna element pattern in a verticaldomain.

According to some implementations, the method can comprise determining,by the network device, that a power level in the second channelfrequency is less than a defined threshold azimuth level based onfacilitating the second application of the second pre-distortion signal.Further to these implementations, the method can comprise discontinuing,by the network device, the second application of the secondpre-distortion signal.

In some implementations, the method can comprise determining, by thenetwork device, that a power level in the second channel frequency isless than a defined threshold elevation level based on facilitating thethird application of the third pre-distortion signal. Further to theseimplementations, the method can comprise discontinuing, by the networkdevice, the third application of the third pre-distortion signal.

In accordance with some implementations, facilitating the secondapplication of the second pre-distortion signal can comprise applyingthe second pre-distortion signal to a third input signal of a thirdpower amplifier for the defined azimuth direction. Further, a thirdoutput signal of the third power amplifier can comprise a third channelfrequency that is adjacent to the first channel frequency of the firstoutput signal.

According to some implementations, facilitating the third application ofthe third pre-distortion signal can comprise applying the thirdpre-distortion signal to a third input signal of a third power amplifierfor the defined elevation direction. Further, a third output signal ofthe third power amplifier can comprise a third channel frequency that isadjacent to the first channel frequency of the first output signal.

In an example, the first pre-distortion signal, the secondpre-distortion signal, and the third pre-distortion signal are digitalpre-distortion signals. In another example, the first pre-distortionsignal, the second pre-distortion signal, and the third pre-distortionsignal are analog pre-distortion signals. According to someimplementations, the first output signal and the second output signalare signals configured to operate according to a fifth generationwireless network communication protocol. In some implementations, thefirst output signal and the second output signal are signals configuredto operate according to a sixth generation wireless networkcommunication protocol.

According to another embodiment, a system can comprise a processor and amemory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by theprocessor, facilitate performance of operations. The operations cancomprise applying a first signal linearization to a first output signalof a first power amplifier based on a determination that an adjacentchannel leakage ratio of the first output signal of the first poweramplifier fails to satisfy a defined output value. The operations canalso comprise applying a second signal linearization to a group ofoutput signals of a group of power amplifiers for a defined azimuthdirection associated with channel frequencies of the group of outputsignals. The channel frequencies of the group of output signals can beadjacent to a channel frequency of the first output signal. Theoperations can also comprise applying a third signal linearization tothe group of output signals for a defined elevation direction associatedwith the channel frequencies of the group of output signals.

According to some implementations, the operations can comprise reducingan effect of a radiation pattern associated with the first output signalto the group of output signals. Reducing the effect can be based onapplying the first signal linearization, the second signallinearization, and the third signal linearization. In addition, theradiation pattern can be a function of the first output signal, anantenna element pattern in an azimuth domain, and the antenna elementpattern in a vertical domain.

In some implementations, the operations can comprise discontinuing thefirst signal linearization based on a first determination that theadjacent channel leakage ratio of the first output signal of the firstpower amplifier satisfies the defined output value. According to someimplementations, the operations can comprise discontinuing the secondsignal linearization based on a second determination that a first powerlevel in the channel frequency that is adjacent the first output signalis less than a defined threshold azimuth level. Further, in someimplementations, the operations can comprise discontinuing the thirdsignal linearization based on a third determination that a second powerlevel in the channel frequency that is adjacent to the first outputsignal is less than a defined threshold elevation level.

According to yet another embodiment, described herein is amachine-readable storage medium comprising executable instructions that,when executed by a processor, facilitate performance of operations. Theoperations can comprise implementing a first signal linearization to afirst input signal of a first power amplifier based on a determinationthat a first output signal of the first power amplifier satisfies adefined output value. The first output signal can comprise a firstchannel frequency. The operations can also comprise implementing asecond signal linearization to a second input signal of a second poweramplifier for a defined azimuth direction associated with a secondchannel frequency of a second output signal of the second poweramplifier. The second channel frequency can be adjacent to the firstchannel frequency. Further, the operations can comprise implementing athird signal linearization to the second input signal of the secondpower amplifier for a defined elevation direction associated with thesecond channel frequency of the second output signal.

According to some implementations, the operations can comprisedetermining that an adjacent channel leakage ratio of the first outputsignal of the first power amplifier satisfies the defined output valueand discontinuing the implementing the first signal linearization.

In some implementations, the operations can comprise determining that apower level in the second channel frequency is less than a definedthreshold elevation level based on implementing the second signallinearization and discontinuing the implementing the second signallinearization.

In accordance with some implementations, the operations can comprisedetermining that a power level in the second channel frequency is lessthan a defined threshold azimuth level based on implementing the thirdsignal linearization and discontinuing the implementing the third signallinearization.

FIG. 1 illustrates an example schematic representation of an AAS arraysystem 100. The AAS array system 100 can comprise a baseband component102, one or more power amplifiers 104 ₁ through 104 _(N), and one ormore antennas 106 ₁ through 106 _(N), where N is an integer. Alsoillustrated is a radiation beam or radiation pattern 108.

In AAS (e.g., the AAS array system 100), Radio Frequency (RF)components, such as power amplifiers and transceivers, can be integratedwith an array of antenna elements (e.g., the one or more antennas 106 ₁through 106 _(N)). This can offer several benefits compared todeployments with passive antennas connected to transceivers throughfeeder cables, as will be discussed with respect to FIG. 2.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example schematic representation of a passiveantenna array system 200. In this system, the baseband signals (e.g.,from a baseband component 202) can be boosted by a power amplifier 204,connected to a power combiner/divider and phase shifter component 206and connected to one or more antennas 208 ₁-208 _(N). Also illustratedis the radiation pattern 210. In this case, the one or more antennas 208₁-208 _(N) are connected via longer feedback cables 212 ₁-212 _(N), ascompared to the configuration of FIG. 1 that comprises shorter feedbackcables 110 ₁-110 _(N). By using an active antenna array, not only arecable losses reduced, leading to improved performance and reduced energyconsumption, but also the installation can be simplified. In addition,the necessary equipment space can be reduced.

There can many applications of active antennas including, for example,cell specific beamforming, user specific beamforming, verticalsectorization, massive Multiple Input, Multiple Output (MIMO), elevationbeamforming and so on. Further, active antennas could also be an enablerfor further-advanced antenna concepts such as deploying a large numberof MIMO antenna elements at the eNode B. However, all these techniqueswill be useful in practice if proper specification of relevant RF andelectro-magnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements are in place.

There can be an impact due to power amplifier nonlinearity. In general,the power amplifier should be operated in the non-linear region forachieving good efficiency. FIG. 3 illustrates an example graph 300 ofamplitude-to-amplitude modulation (AM/AM) performance of a poweramplifier. The horizontal axis 302 represents the normalized inputmagnitude (before the power amplifier) and the vertical axis 304represents the normalized output magnitude (after the power amplifier).As depicted, the input/output curve 306 can be highly non-linear.

However, when the power amplifier operates in the non-linear region,some of the signals are leaked to the other frequency bands. FIG. 4illustrates an example graph 400 of power spectral density with arealistic power amplifier. The horizontal axis 402 represents normalizedfrequency [f/f_(s)]. The vertical axis 404 represents power spectraldensity in decibel/Hertz (dB/Hz). Further, the first line 406illustrates nonlinear power amplifier and the second line 408illustrates an ideal power amplifier. Accordingly, depicted is thespectral regrowth due to power amplifier non-linearity.

Adjacent channel leakage ratio can be used as a metric to measure theleakage due to a non-linear power amplifier. In the example of FIG. 4,the ACLR with an ideal power amplifier is around −78.1 dBc or decibelsrelative to the carrier (e.g., the second line 408), while with arealistic power amplifier (with non-linearity), the ACLR is around −41.1dBc (e.g., the first line 406).

As discussed herein, pre-distortion techniques for mitigating the poweramplifier nonlinearity can be provided. In some cases, a method tocompensate for the non-linearity of the power amplifier can includedistorting the input signal to the power amplifier such that the outputsignal from the power amplifier is transformed to be close to what itwould have been if the power amplifier would have been linear. Anexample of such a method is referred to at the Digital Pre-Distortion(DPD) technique. DPD can interchangeably be referred to as a signallinearization circuitry or component or mechanism or protocol. Further,although discussed with respect to digital pre-distortion, the disclosedaspects can be utilized with analog pre-distortion and/or another typeof pre-distortion.

FIG. 5 illustrates an example block diagram of a transmitter with a DPDsystem 500 that utilizes a technique for compensating nonlinear effectsof a power amplifier according to one or more embodiments. Asillustrated, one or more input bits 502 are received as a base bandsignal component 504. An output signal x₁ of the based band signalcomponent is transmitted to a DPD component 506 and a DPD extractioncomponent 508. An input signal (z₁) is applied to a power amplifier 510,which has an output signal (y₁), which can be fed back (e.g., via afeedback look) to the DPD extraction component 508.

For the following example, y₁ is the output signal at the output of thepower amplifier 510, x₁ is the output signal from the baseband (e.g.,the base band signal component 504), and z₁ is the input signal to thepower amplifier 510. Note that, in this model, only the impact due to anonlinear power amplifier is considered. Further, in practical systems,the power amplifier is preceded by many other blocks such as digital toanalog converter (DAC), local oscillator (LO), and so on (notillustrated). The output signal can be expressed as:

y ₁ =f ₁(z ₁)  Equation 1.

where f₁(.) is a nonlinear function which characterizes the poweramplifier. With DPD, the above equations can be written as:

y ₂ =f ₁(g ₁(x ₁))  Equation 2.

where g₁(.) is the function which characterizes the DPD block. It isnoted that DPD extraction block is chosen such that:

y ₂ =f ₁(g ₁(x ₁))=G ₁ ·x ₁  Equation 3.

where G1 is the gain of the power amplifier. It can be determined fromabove equation that if g1 is properly chosen then the output of thepower amplifier is linear.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example graph 600 of power spectral density with arealistic power amplifier and DPD. The horizontal axis 602 representsthe normalized frequency [f/f_(s)]. The vertical axis 604 represents thepower spectral density [dB/Hz]. The first line 606 indicates the powerspectral density with DPD. The second line 608 indicates the powerspectral density without DPD. Further, the third line 610 indicates thepower spectral density of an ideal power amplifier.

In further detail, FIG. 6 depicts the spectral regrowth with DPD.Accordingly, it can be observed that the spectral regrowth is reducedwhen DPD is applied. ACLR in this example is around −60 dBc.

When the transmitter is equipped with multiple antenna elements (e.g.,AAS, the AAS array system 100 of FIG. 1), the antenna elements can beused for beamforming, for multiplexing, or for both at substantially thesame time. When the antenna elements are used for beamforming purposes,due to the non-linearity of the power amplifier, the emissions are alsobeamformed. FIG. 7 illustrates an example three-dimensional plot 700 ofPower Spectral Density (PSD) as a function of antenna pattern(illustrated on the horizontal axis 702) and frequency (illustrated onthe vertical axis). The three-dimensional plot 700 represents fourantenna elements for this example.

FIG. 8 illustrates an example graph 800 of power spectral density as afunction of antenna pattern at an adjacent frequency. The horizontalaxis 802 represents theta in degrees and the vertical axis 804represents power in dBs. The first line 806 indicates in band, thesecond line 808 indicates adjacent band-L, and the third line 810indicates adjacent band-R. In further detail, FIG. 8 depicts theemission in a 2D plot where the power spectral density is plotted at agiven frequency is plotted as a function of antenna pattern (theta).

FIG. 9 illustrates an example graph 900 of the ACLR as a function ofantenna pattern. The horizontal axis 902 represents theta in degrees andthe vertical axis 904 represents ACLR in dBc. FIGS. 7, 8, and 9 weregenerated by assuming identical power amplifier for each antennaelement. However, in practice, the power amplifiers for each antennaelement can be different and, in these cases, the emissions can bebeamformed in different directions. FIG. 10 illustrates an example graph1000 of PSD as a function of antenna pattern at the adjacent frequencywith un-identical power amplifiers for each antenna element. Thehorizontal axis 1002 represents theta in degrees and the vertical axis1004 represents power in db. The first line 1006 indicates in band, thesecond line 1008 indicates adjacent band-L, and the third line 1010indicates adjacent band-R.

In these cases, the ACLR is a function of theta and is different, asdepicted in FIG. 11, which illustrates ACLR as a function of antennapattern with un-identical power amplifiers for each antenna element. Thehorizontal axis 1102 represents theta in degrees and the vertical axis1104 represents ACLR in dBc. The first line 1106 indicates different PAsand the second line 1108 indicates identical PAs.

As illustrated in FIG. 11, the power spectral density is a function ofantenna pattern and the emissions (adjacent channel) are beamformed inthe sense that in some directions the emissions are high and in somedirections the emissions are low. When the emissions are beamformed,these unwanted emissions can cause interference to the other systemsdeployed at the adjacent frequencies. For example, when criticalhealthcare systems are operating in the adjacent frequency and theemissions are beamformed, this can result in a complete non-usage of thehealth care system.

One or more embodiments relate to reduction and/or mitigation of spatialemissions such that the AAS systems can co-exist with other systems. Invarious implementations, the power amplifier can be linearized such thatnot only ACLR can be reduced and/or mitigated, but also the spatialemissions in azimuth and elevation directions can be minimized and/orreduced by checking the radiation pattern. The disclosed aspects canprovide AAS systems that can be easily deployed, even in the presence ofcritical systems at adjacent frequencies.

Linearization of power amplifier DPD techniques are mentioned herein.However, the compensation techniques are not limited to digital domain(as in DPD). Instead, the same, or a similar, concept can be used forAnalog Pre-Distortion (APD). Further, the various embodiments areexplained using two and four antenna elements. However, the same idea isapplicable for any number of elements (e.g., 16, 32, 64, or M transmitantennas, where M is the number of antenna elements).

For purposes of explanation, consider an AAS system with M antennaelements. Let at time y_(m)(n) is the output of the power amplifier attime instance n, then the radiated antenna pattern with this y_(m)(n) isgiven by:

$\begin{matrix}{{{{\overset{\_}{E}}_{tot}\left( {\theta,\varphi} \right)}\lbrack n\rbrack} = {\sum\limits_{m = 1}^{M}{{y_{m}\lbrack n\rbrack}{{E_{m}\left( {\theta,\varphi} \right)}.}}}} & {{Equation}4}\end{matrix}$

where E_(m)(θ,φ) is the m^(th) element radiation pattern, and theE_(tot) [n] is the total radiation pattern. It can be observed that theradiation pattern depends on the output signal at the power amplifier,and the antenna element pattern in the azimuthal domain and the verticaldomain.

FIG. 12 illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limiting,computer-implemented method 1200 that facilitates reduction and/ormitigation of spatial emissions in multi-antenna wireless communicationsystems in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein.

The computer-implemented method 1200 can comprise applying, at 1202, theDLP loop such that the ACLR is less than ACLR-STD by considering onlythe power amplifier output for each element. Further, at 1204, the DPDloop can be applied for a given elevation angle until the power in theadjacent channel frequencies for all the azimuth directions is less thanPEAK_AZIMUTH. At 1206, the DLP loop can be applied until the power inthe adjacent channel frequencies for all the elevation directions isless than PEAK_EVALUATION.

FIG. 13 illustrates another flow diagram of an example, non-limiting,computer-implemented method 1300 that facilitates reduction and/ormitigation of spatial emissions in multi-antenna wireless communicationsystems in accordance with one or more embodiments described herein.

At 1302, emissions for a defined azimuth direction and elevationdirection can be checked. According to an example, a decision block atthe transmission node (e.g., of FIG. 1 comprising two (or more) antennaelements) can check emissions for a defined azimuth direction and adefined elevation direction. At 1304, the emissions can be minimizedand/or reduced. For example, the minimization and/or reduction can beachieved by extracting the output of the power amplifier signals. TheDPD loop can be applied, at 1306, as discussed above.

Upon or after the defined ACLR (which can be referred as a standard ACLRor ACLR_STD) is reached, emissions in one or more adjacent channelfrequencies for a defined azimuth direction can be checked, at 1308.According to an implementation, the decision block at the transmissionmode can perform the checking. The DPD loop can be run again, at 1310,until the desired peak power (e.g., a first threshold peak power, or aPEAK_AZIMUTH) in the adjacent channel frequencies for the entire azimuthdirection is satisfied (e.g., reached). Upon or after the azimuth loopis finished, the DPD loop can be run, at 1312, for all the values in theelevation domain until the desired peak power (e.g., a second thresholdpeak power, or a PEAK_ELEVATION) in the adjacent channel frequencies isreached (e.g., satisfied). Accordingly, the AAS base station can ensurethat the emissions that are beamformed are minimized in the adjacentchannel frequencies, which can facilitate the easy deployment of AASbase stations with other systems.

FIG. 14 illustrates a flow diagram of an example, non-limiting,computer-implemented method 1400 that facilitates reduction and/ormitigation of spatial emissions such that AAS systems can co-exist withother systems in multi-antenna wireless communication systems inaccordance with one or more embodiments described herein.

The computer-implemented method 1400 starts at 1402 when DPDcoefficients can be initialized. At 1404, the ACLR at the output of theantenna branches can be measured. Based on the measurement, adetermination can be made, at 1406, whether the ACLR is less than adefined value (e.g., a standard ACLR value, ACLR_STD).

If the determination at 1406 is that the ACLR value measured at 1404 isequal to or more than the defined value (e.g., “NO”), thecomputer-implemented method 1400 continues at 1408, and the DPD loop canbe run. For example, to run the DPD loop, the power amplifier output canbe extracted, and an inverse operation can be applied. At 1410, the DPDcoefficients can be updated and the computer-implemented method 1400 canreturn to 1404 and the ACLR at the output antenna branches can bere-measured. It is noted that this can be recursive such that any numberof DPD loops can be run and any number of DPD coefficients can beupdated until a determination is made, at 1406 that the measured ACLR isless than the defined value (e.g., “YES”).

If the determination at 1406 is that the ACLR value measured is lessthan the defined value (e.g., “YES”), at 1412, the emissions power forall azimuth directions can be measured. Based on the measurement, at1414, a determination can be made whether the emissions power for allazimuth directions is less than a defined azimuth value (e.g.,PEAK_AZIMUTH).

If the determination at 1414 is that the emissions power for all azimuthdirections is equal to or more than the defined azimuth value (“NO”), at1416, the DPD loop can be run. For example, to run the DPD loop, thepower amplifier output can be extracted, and an inverse operation can beapplied. At 1418, the DPD coefficients can be updated and thecomputer-implemented method 1400 can return to 1412 and the emissionpower for all azimuth directions can be re-measured. It is noted thatthis can be recursive such that any number of DPD loops can be run andany number of DPD coefficients can be updated until a determination ismade, at 1414 that the emission power for all azimuth directions is lessthan a defined azimuth value.

If the determination, at 1414, is that the emission power for allazimuth directions is less than the defined azimuth value (“YES”), at1420, the emission power for all elevation directions can be measured.Based on this measurement, at 1422, a determination can be made whetherthe emission power for all elevation directions is less than a definedelevation level (e.g., PEAK_ELEVATION).

If the emission power for all elevation directions is more than or equalto the defined elevation level (e.g., “NO”), at 1424, the DPD loop canbe run. To run the DPD loop, the power amplifier output can beextracted, and an inverse operation can be applied. Thereafter, at 1426,the DPD coefficients can be updated. The computer-implemented method1400 can return to 1420 and the emissions power for all elevationdirections can be re-measured, the DPD loops can be re-run, and the DPDcoefficients can be updated. It is noted that this can be recursive suchthat any number of DPD loops can be run and any number of DPDcoefficients can be updated until a determination is made, at 1422, thatthe emission power for all elevation directions is less than a definedelevation value.

If the determination at 1422 is that the emission power for allelevation directions is less than the defined elevation level (e.g.,“YES”), the computer-implemented method 1400 can end.

According to some implementations, one or more of ACLR_STD,PEAK_AZIMUTH, and/or PEAK_ELEVATION can be fixed values. However,according to some implementations, one or more of ACLR_STD,PEAK_AZIMUTH, and/or PEAK_ELEVATION, can be configurable values.Further, in some implementations, ACLR_STD, PEAK_AZIMUTH, and/orPEAK_ELEVATION can be fixed values and/or configurable values. In anon-limiting example, ACLR_STD can be set to a value of −45 dBc (e.g.,to meet the 3GPP requirements). Further, in other non-limiting examples,PEAK-AZIMUTH and/or PEAK_ELEVATION can be set to −50 dBC. It is notedthat although specific values are provided, the disclosed aspects arenot limited to these example and other values can be utilized.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example, non-limiting, graph 1500 illustratingsimulation results of PSD utilizing the disclosed aspects. Thehorizontal axis 1502 represents theta in degrees and the vertical axis1504 represents power in dBs. The first line 1506 indicates in band(center frequency), the second line 1508 indicates adjacent band withDPD (center frequency), and the third line 1510 indicates adjacent band(center frequency).

For this example, ACLR_STD is set to −50 dBC, PEAK_AZIMUTH is set to −60dBc, and PEAK_ELEVATION is set to −100 dBc. As illustrated by the graph1500, emissions can be reduced in all directions with the disclosedaspects according to the simulation results.

FIG. 16 illustrates an example, non-limiting, device 1600 for mitigatingand/or reducing spatial emissions in advanced networks in accordancewith one or more embodiments described herein. Aspects of devices (e.g.,the device 1600 and the like), apparatuses, systems, and/or processesexplained in this disclosure can constitute machine-executablecomponent(s) embodied within machine(s), e.g., embodied in one or morecomputer readable mediums (or media) associated with one or moremachines. Such component(s), when executed by the one or more machines,e.g., computer(s), computing device(s), virtual machine(s), etc. cancause the machine(s) to perform the operations described.

In various embodiments, the device 1600 can be any type of component,machine, system, facility, apparatus, and/or instrument that comprises aprocessor and/or can be capable of effective and/or operativecommunication with a wired and/or wireless network. Components,machines, apparatuses, systems, facilities, and/or instrumentalitiesthat can comprise the device 1600 can include tablet computing devices,handheld devices, server class computing machines and/or databases,laptop computers, notebook computers, desktop computers, cell phones,smart phones, consumer appliances and/or instrumentation, industrialand/or commercial devices, hand-held devices, digital assistants,multimedia Internet enabled phones, multimedia players, and the like.

The device 1600 can be a communication device, such as a network deviceand can be included in a group of network devices of a wireless network.The device 1600 can include an evaluation component 1602, a signallinearization manager component 1604, a transmitter/receiver 1606, atleast one memory 1608, at least one processor 1610, and at least onedata store 1612.

The transmitter/receiver 1606 can obtain information about emissions ofone or more antenna elements (e.g., a first antenna element, a secondantenna element, and subsequent antenna elements) and/or groups ofantenna elements. For example, groups of antenna elements can includeone or more antenna elements. Further, two groups of antenna elementscan include a same number of antenna elements and/or a different numberof antenna elements.

The evaluation component 1602 can make a first determination whether anadjacent channel leakage ratio of a first output signal of the firstpower amplifier fails to satisfy a define output value. In an example,the defined output value can be a standard ACLR value (e.g., ACLR_STD).According to some implementations, the defined output value can be afixed value. However, according to some implementations, the definedoutput value can be a configurable value.

The signal linearization manager component 1604 can be configured toapply a first signal linearization to a first output signal of a firstpower amplifier based on a determination by the evaluation component1602 that the adjacent channel leakage ratio of the first output signalof the first power amplifier fails to satisfy the define output value.In an example, the first signal linearization can be based on a firstpre-distortion signal. In an example, applying the first signallinearization can comprise a first application of a first pre-distortionsignal to an input signal of the first power amplifier.

Upon or after the signal linearization manager component 1604 appliesthe first signal linearization, the evaluation component 1602 canre-evaluate the adjacent channel leakage ratio of the first outputsignal. If it is determined that the value continues to fail to satisfythe defined output value, the signal linearization manager component1604 can apply the same signal linearization (e.g., the first signallinearization), or a different signal linearization, to the first outputsignal. This process can be repeated until the evaluation component 1602determines that the adjacent channel leakage ratio of the first outputsignal satisfies the defined output value and the application of thefirst signal linearization can be discontinued.

Upon or after it is determined that the adjacent channel leakage ratioof the first output signal satisfies the defined output value, theevaluation component 1602 (or another evaluation component or anotherdevice component) can make a second determination whether a first powerlevel in the channel frequency that is adjacent the first output signalis less than a defined threshold azimuth level. The defined thresholdazimuth level can be a peak azimuth value (e.g., PEAK_AZIMUTH). In someimplementations, the defined threshold azimuth level can be a fixedlevel (e.g., a fixed value). In other implementations, the definedthreshold azimuth level can be a configurable level (e.g., aconfigurable value).

The signal linearization manager component 1604 can be configured toapply a second signal linearization to a group of output signals of agroup of power amplifiers for a defined azimuth direction associatedwith channel frequencies of the group of output signals, based on adetermination by the evaluation component 1602 that the first powerlevel in the channel frequency that is adjacent the first output signalis not less than a defined threshold azimuth level. In an example, thesecond signal linearization can be based on a second pre-distortionsignal. The second signal linearization (e.g., the second pre-distortionsignal) can be different from the first signal linearization (e.g., thefirst pre-distortion signal). In an example, applying the second signallinearization can comprise a second application of a secondpre-distortion signal to input signals of the group of power amplifiers.

Upon or after the signal linearization manager component 1604 appliesthe second signal linearization, the evaluation component 1602 canre-evaluate the first power level in the channel frequency that isadjacent the first output signal. If it is determined that the firstpower level continues to fail to satisfy the defined threshold azimuthlevel, the signal linearization manager component 1604 can apply thesame signal linearization (e.g., the second signal linearization), or adifferent signal linearization, to the second output signal. Thisprocess can be repeated until the evaluation component 1602 determinesthat the first power level satisfies the defined threshold azimuth leveland the application of the second signal linearization can bediscontinued.

Upon or after it is determined that the first power level satisfies thedefined threshold azimuth level, the evaluation component 1602 (oranother evaluation component or another device component) can make athird determination whether a second power level in the channelfrequency that is adjacent the first output signal is less than adefined threshold elevation level. The defined elevation level can be apeak elevation value (e.g., PEAK_ELEVATION). In some implementations,the defined elevation level can be a fixed level (e.g., a fixed value).In other implementations, the defined elevation level can be aconfigurable level (e.g., a configurable value).

The signal linearization manager component 1604 can be configured toapply a third signal linearization to a group of output signals of agroup of power amplifiers for a defined elevation direction associatedwith channel frequencies of the group of output signals, based on adetermination by the evaluation component 1602 that the second powerlevel in the channel frequency that is adjacent the first output signalis not less than a defined threshold elevation level. In an example, thethird signal linearization can be based on a third pre-distortionsignal. The third signal linearization (e.g., the third pre-distortionsignal) can be different from the first signal linearization (e.g., thefirst pre-distortion signal) and/or the second signal linearization(e.g., the second pre-distortion signal). In an example, applying thethird signal linearization can comprise a third application of a thirdpre-distortion signal to input signals of the group of power amplifiers.

Upon or after the signal linearization manager component 1604 appliesthe third signal linearization, the evaluation component 1602 canre-evaluate the channel frequency that is adjacent the first outputsignal. If it is determined that the second power level continues tofail to satisfy the defined threshold elevation level, the signallinearization manager component 1604 can apply the same signallinearization (e.g., the third signal linearization), or a differentsignal linearization, to the second output signal. This process can berepeated until the evaluation component 1602 determines that the secondpower level satisfies the defined threshold elevation level and theapplication of the third signal linearization can be discontinued.

According to some implementations, reducing an effect of a radiationpattern associated with the first output signal to the group of outputsignals can be reduced. For example, the reduction of the effect can bebased on applying the first signal linearization, the second signallinearization, and the third signal linearization. Further, theradiation pattern can be a function of the first output signal, anantenna element pattern in an azimuth domain, and the antenna elementpattern in a vertical domain.

Accordingly, the device 1600 (as well as other embodiments discussedherein) can mitigate and/or reduce the spatial emissions such that theAAS systems can co-exist with other systems. As discussed herein, thedevice can linearize the power amplifier such that not only ACLR isreduced and/or mitigated, but also the spatial emissions in azimuth andelevation directions can be minimized and/or reduced by checking theradiation pattern.

Thus, as discussed herein, deployment of active antenna systems can beeasy even in the presence of critical systems at adjacent frequenciesfor example machine type of communication systems. In addition,significant gains at system level as the emissions which are beam formedare reduced can be achieved. Further, benefits can include, but are notlimited to, reduced and/or mitigated emission in all directions.

With continuing reference to FIG. 16, the transmitter/receiver 1606 canbe configured to transmit to, and/or receive data from, other devices(e.g., network devices and/or other communication devices). Through thetransmitter/receiver 1606, the device 1600 can concurrently transmit andreceive data, can transmit and receive data at different times, orcombinations thereof.

The at least one memory 1608 can be operatively connected to the atleast one processor 1610. The at least one memory 1608 can storeexecutable instructions that, when executed by the at least oneprocessor 1610 can facilitate performance of operations. Further, the atleast one processor 1610 can be utilized to execute computer executablecomponents stored in the memories. For example, the at least one memory1608 can store protocols associated with reducing and/or mitigatingspatial emissions as discussed herein.

The at least one memory 1608 can store respective protocols associatedwith reducing and/or mitigating spatial emissions such that the device1600 can employ stored protocols and/or algorithms to achieve improvedcommunications in a wireless network as described herein. It should beappreciated that data stores (e.g., memories) components describedherein can be either volatile memory or nonvolatile memory, or caninclude both volatile and nonvolatile memory. By way of example and notlimitation, nonvolatile memory can include read only memory (ROM),programmable ROM (PROM), electrically programmable ROM (EPROM),electrically erasable ROM (EEPROM), or flash memory. Volatile memory caninclude random access memory (RAM), which acts as external cache memory.By way of example and not limitation, RAM is available in many formssuch as synchronous RAM (SRAM), dynamic RAM (DRAM), synchronous DRAM(SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), enhanced SDRAM (ESDRAM),Synchlink DRAM (SLDRAM), and direct Rambus RAM (DRRAM). Memory of thedisclosed aspects are intended to comprise, without being limited to,these and other suitable types of memory.

The at least one processor 1610 can facilitate respective analysis ofinformation related to reducing and/or mitigating spatial emissions in acommunication network. The at least one processor 1610 can be aprocessor dedicated to analyzing and/or generating information received,a processor that controls one or more components of the device 1600,and/or a processor that both analyzes and generates information receivedand controls one or more components of the device 1600.

Further, the term network device (e.g., network node, network nodedevice, radio network node) is used herein to refer to any type ofnetwork node serving communications devices and/or connected to othernetwork nodes, network elements, or another network node (e.g., radionode) from which the communications devices can receive a radio signal.In cellular radio access networks (e.g., universal mobiletelecommunications system (UMTS) networks or other networks), networkdevices can be referred to as base transceiver stations (BTS), radiobase station, radio network nodes, base stations, NodeB, eNodeB (e.g.,evolved NodeB), and so on. In 5G terminology, the network nodes can bereferred to as gNodeB (e.g., gNB) devices. Network devices can alsocomprise multiple antennas for performing various transmissionoperations (e.g., Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) operations). Anetwork node can comprise a cabinet and other protected enclosures, anantenna mast, and actual antennas. Network devices can serve severalcells, also called sectors, depending on the configuration and type ofantenna. Examples of network nodes (e.g., network device) can includebut are not limited to: NodeB devices, base station (BS) devices, accesspoint (AP) devices, TRPs, and radio access network (RAN) devices. Thenetwork nodes can also include multi-standard radio (MSR) radio nodedevices, comprising: an MSR BS, an eNode B, a network controller, aradio network controller (RNC), a base station controller (BSC), arelay, a donor node controlling relay, a base transceiver station (BTS),a transmission point, a transmission node, a Remote Radio Unit (RRU), aRemote Radio Head (RRH), nodes in distributed antenna system (DAS), andthe like.

Described herein are systems, methods, articles of manufacture, andother embodiments or implementations that can facilitate reductionand/or mitigation of spatial emissions in multi-antenna wirelesscommunications systems, which can be advanced communications systems.Facilitating reduction and/or mitigate of spatial emissions in advancednetworks can be implemented in connection with any type of device with aconnection to the communications network (e.g., a mobile handset, acomputer, a handheld device, etc.) any Internet of things (IoT) device(e.g., toaster, coffee maker, blinds, music players, speakers, etc.),and/or any connected vehicles (cars, airplanes, space rockets, and/orother at least partially automated vehicles (e.g., drones)). In someembodiments, the non-limiting term User Equipment (UE) is used. It canrefer to any type of wireless device that communicates with a radionetwork node in a cellular or mobile communication system. Examples ofUE are target device, device to device (D2D) UE, machine type UE or UEcapable of machine to machine (M2M) communication, PDA, Tablet, mobileterminals, smart phone, Laptop Embedded Equipped (LEE), laptop mountedequipment (LME), USB dongles etc. Note that the terms element, elementsand antenna ports can be interchangeably used but carry the same meaningin this disclosure. The embodiments are applicable to single carrier aswell as to Multi-Carrier (MC) or Carrier Aggregation (CA) operation ofthe UE. The term Carrier Aggregation (CA) is also called (e.g.,interchangeably called) “multi-carrier system,” “multi-cell operation,”“multi-carrier operation,” “multi-carrier” transmission and/orreception.

In some embodiments, the non-limiting term radio network node or simplynetwork node is used. It can refer to any type of network node thatserves one or more UEs and/or that is coupled to other network nodes ornetwork elements or any radio node from where the one or more UEsreceive a signal. Examples of radio network nodes are Node B, BaseStation (BS), Multi-Standard Radio (MSR) node such as MSR BS, eNode B,network controller, Radio Network Controller (RNC), Base StationController (BSC), relay, donor node controlling relay, Base TransceiverStation (BTS), Access Point (AP), transmission points, transmissionnodes, RRU, RRH, nodes in Distributed Antenna System (DAS) etc.

Cloud Radio Access Networks (RAN) can enable the implementation ofconcepts such as Software-Defined Network (SDN) and Network FunctionVirtualization (NFV) in 5G networks. This disclosure can facilitate ageneric channel state information framework design for a 5G network.Certain embodiments of this disclosure can comprise an SDN controllerthat can control routing of traffic within the network and between thenetwork and traffic destinations. The SDN controller can be merged withthe 5G network architecture to enable service deliveries via openApplication Programming Interfaces (APIs) and move the network coretowards an all Internet Protocol (IP), cloud based, and software driventelecommunications network. The SDN controller can work with, or takethe place of, Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) network elementsso that policies such as quality of service and traffic management androuting can be synchronized and managed end to end.

Referring now to FIG. 17, illustrated is an example block diagram of anexample mobile handset 1700 operable to engage in a system architecturethat facilitates wireless communications according to one or moreembodiments described herein. Although a mobile handset is illustratedherein, it will be understood that other devices can be a mobile device,and that the mobile handset is merely illustrated to provide context forthe embodiments of the various embodiments described herein. Thefollowing discussion is intended to provide a brief, general descriptionof an example of a suitable environment in which the various embodimentscan be implemented. While the description includes a general context ofcomputer-executable instructions embodied on a machine-readable storagemedium, those skilled in the art will recognize that the innovation alsocan be implemented in combination with other program modules and/or as acombination of hardware and software.

Generally, applications (e.g., program modules) can include routines,programs, components, data structures, etc., that perform particulartasks or implement particular abstract data types. Moreover, thoseskilled in the art will appreciate that the methods described herein canbe practiced with other system configurations, includingsingle-processor or multiprocessor systems, minicomputers, mainframecomputers, as well as personal computers, hand-held computing devices,microprocessor-based or programmable consumer electronics, and the like,each of which can be operatively coupled to one or more associateddevices.

A computing device can typically include a variety of machine-readablemedia. Machine-readable media can be any available media that can beaccessed by the computer and includes both volatile and non-volatilemedia, removable and non-removable media. By way of example and notlimitation, computer-readable media can comprise computer storage mediaand communication media. Computer storage media can include volatileand/or non-volatile media, removable and/or non-removable mediaimplemented in any method or technology for storage of information, suchas computer-readable instructions, data structures, program modules, orother data. Computer storage media can include, but is not limited to,RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD ROM,digital video disk (DVD) or other optical disk storage, magneticcassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magneticstorage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store thedesired information and which can be accessed by the computer.

Communication media typically embodies computer-readable instructions,data structures, program modules, or other data in a modulated datasignal such as a carrier wave or other transport mechanism, and includesany information delivery media. The term “modulated data signal” means asignal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed insuch a manner as to encode information in the signal. By way of example,and not limitation, communication media includes wired media such as awired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless media such asacoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media. Combinations of the anyof the above should also be included within the scope ofcomputer-readable media.

The handset includes a processor 1702 for controlling and processing allonboard operations and functions. A memory 1704 interfaces to theprocessor 1702 for storage of data and one or more applications 1706(e.g., a video player software, user feedback component software, etc.).Other applications can include voice recognition of predetermined voicecommands that facilitate initiation of the user feedback signals. Theapplications 1706 can be stored in the memory 1704 and/or in a firmware1708, and executed by the processor 1702 from either or both the memory1704 or/and the firmware 1708. The firmware 1708 can also store startupcode for execution in initializing the handset 1700. A communicationscomponent 1710 interfaces to the processor 1702 to facilitatewired/wireless communication with external systems, e.g., cellularnetworks, VoIP networks, and so on. Here, the communications component1710 can also include a suitable cellular transceiver 1711 (e.g., a GSMtransceiver) and/or an unlicensed transceiver 1713 (e.g., Wi-Fi, WiMax)for corresponding signal communications. The handset 1700 can be adevice such as a cellular telephone, a PDA with mobile communicationscapabilities, and messaging-centric devices. The communicationscomponent 1710 also facilitates communications reception fromterrestrial radio networks (e.g., broadcast), digital satellite radionetworks, and Internet-based radio services networks.

The handset 1700 includes a display 1712 for displaying text, images,video, telephony functions (e.g., a Caller ID function), setupfunctions, and for user input. For example, the display 1712 can also bereferred to as a “screen” that can accommodate the presentation ofmultimedia content (e.g., music metadata, messages, wallpaper, graphics,etc.). The display 1712 can also display videos and can facilitate thegeneration, editing and sharing of video quotes. A serial I/O interface1714 is provided in communication with the processor 1702 to facilitatewired and/or wireless serial communications (e.g., USB, and/or IEEE1394) through a hardwire connection, and other serial input devices(e.g., a keyboard, keypad, and mouse). This supports updating andtroubleshooting the handset 1700, for example. Audio capabilities areprovided with an audio I/O component 1716, which can include a speakerfor the output of audio signals related to, for example, indication thatthe user pressed the proper key or key combination to initiate the userfeedback signal. The audio I/O component 1716 also facilitates the inputof audio signals through a microphone to record data and/or telephonyvoice data, and for inputting voice signals for telephone conversations.

The handset 1700 can include a slot interface 1718 for accommodating aSIC (Subscriber Identity Component) in the form factor of a cardSubscriber Identity Module (SIM) or universal SIM 1720, and interfacingthe SIM card 1720 with the processor 1702. However, it is to beappreciated that the SIM card 1720 can be manufactured into the handset1700, and updated by downloading data and software.

The handset 1700 can process IP data traffic through the communicationscomponent 1710 to accommodate IP traffic from an IP network such as, forexample, the Internet, a corporate intranet, a home network, a personarea network, etc., through an ISP or broadband cable provider. Thus,VoIP traffic can be utilized by the handset 1700 and IP-based multimediacontent can be received in either an encoded or decoded format.

A video processing component 1722 (e.g., a camera) can be provided fordecoding encoded multimedia content. The video processing component 1722can aid in facilitating the generation, editing, and sharing of videoquotes. The handset 1700 also includes a power source 1724 in the formof batteries and/or an AC power subsystem, which power source 1724 caninterface to an external power system or charging equipment (not shown)by a power I/O component 1726.

The handset 1700 can also include a video component 1730 for processingvideo content received and, for recording and transmitting videocontent. For example, the video component 1730 can facilitate thegeneration, editing and sharing of video quotes. A location trackingcomponent 1732 facilitates geographically locating the handset 1700. Asdescribed hereinabove, this can occur when the user initiates thefeedback signal automatically or manually. A user input component 1734facilitates the user initiating the quality feedback signal. The userinput component 1734 can also facilitate the generation, editing andsharing of video quotes. The user input component 1734 can include suchconventional input device technologies such as a keypad, keyboard,mouse, stylus pen, and/or touch screen, for example.

Referring again to the applications 1706, a hysteresis component 1736facilitates the analysis and processing of hysteresis data, which isutilized to determine when to associate with the access point. Asoftware trigger component 1738 can be provided that facilitatestriggering of the hysteresis component 1736 when the Wi-Fi transceiver1713 detects the beacon of the access point. A SIP client 1740 enablesthe handset 1700 to support SIP protocols and register the subscriberwith the SIP registrar server. The applications 1706 can also include aclient 1742 that provides at least the capability of discovery, play andstore of multimedia content, for example, music.

The handset 1700, as indicated above related to the communicationscomponent 1710, includes an indoor network radio transceiver 1713 (e.g.,Wi-Fi transceiver). This function supports the indoor radio link, suchas IEEE 802.11, for the dual-mode GSM handset 1700. The handset 1700 canaccommodate at least satellite radio services through a handset that cancombine wireless voice and digital radio chipsets into a single handhelddevice.

Referring now to FIG. 18, illustrated is an example block diagram of anexample computer 1800 operable to engage in a system architecture thatfacilitates wireless communications according to one or more embodimentsdescribed herein. The computer 1800 can provide networking andcommunication capabilities between a wired or wireless communicationnetwork and a server (e.g., Microsoft server) and/or communicationdevice. In order to provide additional context for various aspectsthereof, FIG. 18 and the following discussion are intended to provide abrief, general description of a suitable computing environment in whichthe various aspects of the innovation can be implemented to facilitatethe establishment of a transaction between an entity and a third party.While the description above is in the general context ofcomputer-executable instructions that can run on one or more computers,those skilled in the art will recognize that the innovation also can beimplemented in combination with other program modules and/or as acombination of hardware and software.

Generally, program modules include routines, programs, components, datastructures, etc., that perform particular tasks or implement particularabstract data types. Moreover, those skilled in the art will appreciatethat the various methods can be practiced with other computer systemconfigurations, including single-processor or multiprocessor computersystems, minicomputers, mainframe computers, as well as personalcomputers, hand-held computing devices, microprocessor-based orprogrammable consumer electronics, and the like, each of which can beoperatively coupled to one or more associated devices.

The illustrated aspects of the innovation can also be practiced indistributed computing environments where certain tasks are performed byremote processing devices that are linked through a communicationsnetwork. In a distributed computing environment, program modules can belocated in both local and remote memory storage devices.

Computing devices typically include a variety of media, which caninclude computer-readable storage media or communications media, whichtwo terms are used herein differently from one another as follows.

Computer-readable storage media can be any available storage media thatcan be accessed by the computer and includes both volatile andnonvolatile media, removable and non-removable media. By way of example,and not limitation, computer-readable storage media can be implementedin connection with any method or technology for storage of informationsuch as computer-readable instructions, program modules, structureddata, or unstructured data. Computer-readable storage media can include,but are not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memorytechnology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disk (DVD) or other optical diskstorage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage orother magnetic storage devices, or other tangible and/or non-transitorymedia which can be used to store desired information. Computer-readablestorage media can be accessed by one or more local or remote computingdevices, e.g., via access requests, queries or other data retrievalprotocols, for a variety of operations with respect to the informationstored by the medium.

Communications media can embody computer-readable instructions, datastructures, program modules or other structured or unstructured data ina data signal such as a modulated data signal, e.g., a carrier wave orother transport mechanism, and includes any information delivery ortransport media. The term “modulated data signal” or signals refers to asignal that has one or more of its characteristics set or changed insuch a manner as to encode information in one or more signals. By way ofexample, and not limitation, communication media include wired media,such as a wired network or direct-wired connection, and wireless mediasuch as acoustic, RF, infrared and other wireless media.

With reference to FIG. 18, implementing various aspects described hereinwith regards to the end-user device can include a computer 1800, thecomputer 1800 including a processing unit 1804, a system memory 1806 anda system bus 1808. The system bus 1808 couples system componentsincluding, but not limited to, the system memory 1806 to the processingunit 1804. The processing unit 1804 can be any of various commerciallyavailable processors. Dual microprocessors and other multi processorarchitectures can also be employed as the processing unit 1804.

The system bus 1808 can be any of several types of bus structure thatcan further interconnect to a memory bus (with or without a memorycontroller), a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety ofcommercially available bus architectures. The system memory 1806includes read-only memory (ROM) 1827 and random access memory (RAM)1812. A basic input/output system (BIOS) is stored in a non-volatilememory 1827 such as ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, which BIOS contains the basicroutines that help to transfer information between elements within thecomputer 1800, such as during start-up. The RAM 1812 can also include ahigh-speed RAM such as static RAM for caching data.

The computer 1800 further includes an internal hard disk drive (HDD)1814 (e.g., EIDE, SATA), which internal hard disk drive 1814 can also beconfigured for external use in a suitable chassis (not shown), amagnetic floppy disk drive (FDD) 1816, (e.g., to read from or write to aremovable diskette 1818) and an optical disk drive 1820, (e.g., readinga CD-ROM disk 1822 or, to read from or write to other high capacityoptical media such as the DVD). The hard disk drive 1814, magnetic diskdrive 1816 and optical disk drive 1820 can be connected to the systembus 1808 by a hard disk drive interface 1824, a magnetic disk driveinterface 1826 and an optical drive interface 1828, respectively. Theinterface 1824 for external drive implementations includes at least oneor both of Universal Serial Bus (USB) and IEEE 1394 interfacetechnologies. Other external drive connection technologies are withincontemplation of the subject innovation.

The drives and their associated computer-readable media providenonvolatile storage of data, data structures, computer-executableinstructions, and so forth. For the computer 1800 the drives and mediaaccommodate the storage of any data in a suitable digital format.Although the description of computer-readable media above refers to aHDD, a removable magnetic diskette, and a removable optical media suchas a CD or DVD, it should be appreciated by those skilled in the artthat other types of media which are readable by a computer 1800, such aszip drives, magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, cartridges, and thelike, can also be used in the exemplary operating environment, andfurther, that any such media can contain computer-executableinstructions for performing the methods of the disclosed innovation.

A number of program modules can be stored in the drives and RAM 1812,including an operating system 1830, one or more application programs1832, other program modules 1834 and program data 1836. All or portionsof the operating system, applications, modules, and/or data can also becached in the RAM 1812. It is to be appreciated that the innovation canbe implemented with various commercially available operating systems orcombinations of operating systems.

A user can enter commands and information into the computer 1800 throughone or more wired/wireless input devices, e.g., a keyboard 1838 and apointing device, such as a mouse 1840. Other input devices (not shown)can include a microphone, an IR remote control, a joystick, a game pad,a stylus pen, touch screen, or the like. These and other input devicesare often connected to the processing unit 1804 through an input deviceinterface 1842 that is coupled to the system bus 1808, but can beconnected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, an IEEE 1394serial port, a game port, a USB port, an IR interface, etc.

A monitor 1844 or other type of display device is also connected to thesystem bus 1808 through an interface, such as a video adapter 1846. Inaddition to the monitor 1844, a computer 1800 typically includes otherperipheral output devices (not shown), such as speakers, printers, etc.

The computer 1800 can operate in a networked environment using logicalconnections by wired and/or wireless communications to one or moreremote computers, such as a remote computer(s) 1848. The remotecomputer(s) 1848 can be a workstation, a server computer, a router, apersonal computer, portable computer, microprocessor-based entertainmentdevice, a peer device or other common network node, and typicallyincludes many or all of the elements described relative to the computer,although, for purposes of brevity, only a memory/storage device 1850 isillustrated. The logical connections depicted include wired/wirelessconnectivity to a local area network (LAN) 1852 and/or larger networks,e.g., a wide area network (WAN) 1854. Such LAN and WAN networkingenvironments are commonplace in offices and companies, and facilitateenterprise-wide computer networks, such as intranets, all of which canconnect to a global communications network, e.g., the Internet.

When used in a LAN networking environment, the computer 1800 isconnected to the local network 1852 through a wired and/or wirelesscommunication network interface or adapter 1856. The adapter 1856 canfacilitate wired or wireless communication to the LAN 1852, which canalso include a wireless access point disposed thereon for communicatingwith the wireless adapter 1856.

When used in a WAN networking environment, the computer 1800 can includea modem 1858, or is connected to a communications server on the WAN1854, or has other means for establishing communications over the WAN1854, such as by way of the Internet. The modem 1858, which can beinternal or external and a wired or wireless device, is connected to thesystem bus 1808 through the input device interface 1842. In a networkedenvironment, program modules depicted relative to the computer, orportions thereof, can be stored in the remote memory/storage device1850. It will be appreciated that the network connections shown areexemplary and other means of establishing a communications link betweenthe computers can be used.

The computer is operable to communicate with any wireless devices orentities operatively disposed in wireless communication, e.g., aprinter, scanner, desktop and/or portable computer, portable dataassistant, communications satellite, any piece of equipment or locationassociated with a wirelessly detectable tag (e.g., a kiosk, news stand,restroom), and telephone. This includes at least Wi-Fi and Bluetooth™wireless technologies. Thus, the communication can be a predefinedstructure as with a conventional network or simply an ad hoccommunication between at least two devices.

Wi-Fi, or Wireless Fidelity, allows connection to the Internet from acouch at home, in a hotel room, or a conference room at work, withoutwires. Wi-Fi is a wireless technology similar to that used in a cellphone that enables such devices, e.g., computers, to send and receivedata indoors and out; anywhere within the range of a base station. Wi-Finetworks use radio technologies called IEEE 802.11 (a, b, g, etc.) toprovide secure, reliable, fast wireless connectivity. A Wi-Fi networkcan be used to connect computers to each other, to the Internet, and towired networks (which use IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet). Wi-Fi networksoperate in the unlicensed 2.4 and 5 GHz radio bands, at an 11 Mbps(802.11a) or 54 Mbps (802.11b) data rate, for example, or with productsthat contain both bands (dual band), so the networks can providereal-world performance similar to the basic 10BaseT wired Ethernetnetworks used in many offices.

An aspect of 5G, which differentiates from previous 4G systems, is theuse of NR. NR architecture can be designed to support multipledeployment cases for independent configuration of resources used forRACH procedures. Since the NR can provide additional services than thoseprovided by LTE, efficiencies can be generated by leveraging the prosand cons of LTE and NR to facilitate the interplay between LTE and NR,as discussed herein.

Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment,” or “anembodiment,” means that a particular feature, structure, orcharacteristic described in connection with the embodiment is includedin at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrase “in oneembodiment,” “in one aspect,” or “in an embodiment,” in various placesthroughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to thesame embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, orcharacteristics can be combined in any suitable manner in one or moreembodiments.

As used in this disclosure, in some embodiments, the terms “component,”“system,” “interface,” and the like are intended to refer to, orcomprise, a computer-related entity or an entity related to anoperational apparatus with one or more specific functionalities, whereinthe entity can be either hardware, a combination of hardware andsoftware, software, or software in execution, and/or firmware. As anexample, a component can be, but is not limited to being, a processrunning on a processor, a processor, an object, an executable, a threadof execution, computer-executable instructions, a program, and/or acomputer. By way of illustration and not limitation, both an applicationrunning on a server and the server can be a component

One or more components can reside within a process and/or thread ofexecution and a component can be localized on one computer and/ordistributed between two or more computers. In addition, these componentscan execute from various computer readable media having various datastructures stored thereon. The components can communicate via localand/or remote processes such as in accordance with a signal having oneor more data packets (e.g., data from one component interacting withanother component in a local system, distributed system, and/or across anetwork such as the Internet with other systems via the signal). Asanother example, a component can be an apparatus with specificfunctionality provided by mechanical parts operated by electric orelectronic circuitry, which is operated by a software application orfirmware application executed by one or more processors, wherein theprocessor can be internal or external to the apparatus and can executeat least a part of the software or firmware application. As yet anotherexample, a component can be an apparatus that provides specificfunctionality through electronic components without mechanical parts,the electronic components can comprise a processor therein to executesoftware or firmware that confer(s) at least in part the functionalityof the electronic components. In an aspect, a component can emulate anelectronic component via a virtual machine, e.g., within a cloudcomputing system. While various components have been illustrated asseparate components, it will be appreciated that multiple components canbe implemented as a single component, or a single component can beimplemented as multiple components, without departing from exampleembodiments In addition, the words “example” and “exemplary” are usedherein to mean serving as an instance or illustration. Any embodiment ordesign described herein as “example” or “exemplary” is not necessarilyto be construed as preferred or advantageous over other embodiments ordesigns. Rather, use of the word example or exemplary is intended topresent concepts in a concrete fashion. As used in this application, theterm “or” is intended to mean an inclusive “or” rather than an exclusive“or.” That is, unless specified otherwise or clear from context, “Xemploys A or B” is intended to mean any of the natural inclusivepermutations. That is, if X employs A; X employs B; or X employs both Aand B, then “X employs A or B” is satisfied under any of the foregoinginstances. In addition, the articles “a” and “an” as used in thisapplication and the appended claims should generally be construed tomean “one or more” unless specified otherwise or clear from context tobe directed to a singular form.

Moreover, terms such as “mobile device equipment,” “mobile station,”“mobile,” subscriber station,” “access terminal,” “terminal,” “handset,”“communication device,” “mobile device” (and/or terms representingsimilar terminology) can refer to a wireless device utilized by asubscriber or mobile device of a wireless communication service toreceive or convey data, control, voice, video, sound, gaming orsubstantially any data-stream or signaling-stream. The foregoing termsare utilized interchangeably herein and with reference to the relateddrawings. Likewise, the terms “access point (AP),” “Base Station (BS),”BS transceiver, BS device, cell site, cell site device, “Node B (NB),”“evolved Node B (eNode B),” “home Node B (HNB)” and the like, areutilized interchangeably in the application, and refer to a wirelessnetwork component or appliance that transmits and/or receives data,control, voice, video, sound, gaming or substantially any data-stream orsignaling-stream from one or more subscriber stations. Data andsignaling streams can be packetized or frame-based flows. Furthermore,the terms “device,” “communication device,” “mobile device,”“subscriber,” “customer entity,” “consumer,” “customer entity,” “entity”and the like are employed interchangeably throughout, unless contextwarrants particular distinctions among the terms. It should beappreciated that such terms can refer to human entities or automatedcomponents supported through artificial intelligence (e.g., a capacityto make inference based on complex mathematical formalisms), which canprovide simulated vision, sound recognition and so forth.

Embodiments described herein can be exploited in substantially anywireless communication technology, comprising, but not limited to,wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi), global system for mobile communications(GSM), universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS), worldwideinteroperability for microwave access (WiMAX), enhanced general packetradio service (enhanced GPRS), third generation partnership project(3GPP) long term evolution (LTE), third generation partnership project 2(3GPP2) ultra mobile broadband (UMB), high speed packet access (HSPA),Z-Wave, Zigbee and other 802.XX wireless technologies and/or legacytelecommunication technologies.

Systems, methods and/or machine-readable storage media for facilitatinga two-stage downlink control channel for 5G systems are provided herein.Legacy wireless systems such as LTE, Long-Term Evolution Advanced(LTE-A), High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) etc. use fixed modulationformat for downlink control channels. Fixed modulation format impliesthat the downlink control channel format is always encoded with a singletype of modulation (e.g., quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK)) and hasa fixed code rate. Moreover, the forward error correction (FEC) encoderuses a single, fixed mother code rate of 1/3 with rate matching. Thisdesign does not take into the account channel statistics. For example,if the channel from the BS device to the mobile device is very good, thecontrol channel cannot use this information to adjust the modulation,code rate, thereby unnecessarily allocating power on the controlchannel. Similarly, if the channel from the BS to the mobile device ispoor, then there is a probability that the mobile device might not beable to decode the information received with only the fixed modulationand code rate. As used herein, the term “infer” or “inference” refersgenerally to the process of reasoning about, or inferring states of, thesystem, environment, user, and/or intent from a set of observations ascaptured via events and/or data. Captured data and events can includeuser data, device data, environment data, data from sensors, sensordata, application data, implicit data, explicit data, etc. Inference canbe employed to identify a specific context or action, or can generate aprobability distribution over states of interest based on aconsideration of data and events, for example.

Inference can also refer to techniques employed for composinghigher-level events from a set of events and/or data. Such inferenceresults in the construction of new events or actions from a set ofobserved events and/or stored event data, whether the events arecorrelated in close temporal proximity, and whether the events and datacome from one or several event and data sources. Various classificationschemes and/or systems (e.g., support vector machines, neural networks,expert systems, Bayesian belief networks, fuzzy logic, and data fusionengines) can be employed in connection with performing automatic and/orinferred action in connection with the disclosed subject matter.

In addition, the various embodiments can be implemented as a method,apparatus, or article of manufacture using standard programming and/orengineering techniques to produce software, firmware, hardware, or anycombination thereof to control a computer to implement the disclosedsubject matter. The term “article of manufacture” as used herein isintended to encompass a computer program accessible from anycomputer-readable device, machine-readable device, computer-readablecarrier, computer-readable media, machine-readable media,computer-readable (or machine-readable) storage/communication media. Forexample, computer-readable media can comprise, but are not limited to, amagnetic storage device, e.g., hard disk; floppy disk; magneticstrip(s); an optical disk (e.g., compact disk (CD), a digital video disc(DVD), a Blu-ray Disc™ (BD)); a smart card; a flash memory device (e.g.,card, stick, key drive); and/or a virtual device that emulates a storagedevice and/or any of the above computer-readable media. Of course, thoseskilled in the art will recognize many modifications can be made to thisconfiguration without departing from the scope or spirit of the variousembodiments

The above description of illustrated embodiments of the subjectdisclosure, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intendedto be exhaustive or to limit the disclosed embodiments to the preciseforms disclosed. While specific embodiments and examples are describedherein for illustrative purposes, various modifications are possiblethat are considered within the scope of such embodiments and examples,as those skilled in the relevant art can recognize.

In this regard, while the subject matter has been described herein inconnection with various embodiments and corresponding FIGs, whereapplicable, it is to be understood that other similar embodiments can beused or modifications and additions can be made to the describedembodiments for performing the same, similar, alternative, or substitutefunction of the disclosed subject matter without deviating therefrom.Therefore, the disclosed subject matter should not be limited to anysingle embodiment described herein, but rather should be construed inbreadth and scope in accordance with the appended claims below.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method, comprising: applying, by networkequipment comprising a processor, a first pre-distortion signal to aninput signal of a power amplifier for a defined azimuth directionassociated with a channel frequency of an output signal of the poweramplifier; and applying, by the network equipment, a secondpre-distortion signal to the input signal of the power amplifier for adefined elevation direction associated with the channel frequency of theoutput signal, wherein the applying of the first pre-distortion signaland the applying of the second pre-distortion signal comprise reducing aradiation pattern associated with the output signal.
 2. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the radiation pattern is a function of the outputsignal, a first antenna element pattern in a vertical domain, and asecond antenna element pattern in an azimuth domain.
 3. The method ofclaim 1, further comprising: based on a determination that a power levelin the channel frequency is less than a defined threshold azimuth level,discontinuing, by the network equipment, the applying of the secondpre-distortion signal.
 4. The method of claim 1, further comprising:based on a determination that a power level in the channel frequency isless than a defined threshold elevation level, discontinuing, by thenetwork equipment, the applying of the first pre-distortion signal. 5.The method of claim 1, wherein the first pre-distortion signal and thesecond pre-distortion signal are digital pre-distortion signals.
 6. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the first pre-distortion signal and thesecond pre-distortion signal are analog pre-distortion signals.
 7. Themethod of claim 1, wherein the input signal is a first input signal,wherein the output signal is a first output signal, wherein the poweramplifier is a first power amplifier, and wherein the method furthercomprises: applying, by the network equipment, a third pre-distortionsignal to a second input signal of a second power amplifier based on adetermination that a second output signal of the second power amplifierfails to satisfy a defined output value.
 8. The method of claim 7,wherein the channel frequency is a first channel frequency, and whereinthe second output signal comprises a second channel frequency that isadjacent the first channel frequency.
 9. The method of claim 7, whereinthe first output signal and the second output signal are signalsconfigured to operate according to at least a fifth generation networkcommunication protocol.
 10. A system, comprising: a processor; and amemory that stores executable instructions that, when executed by theprocessor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising:implementing a first signal linearization to a first input signal of afirst power amplifier based on a first determination that a first outputsignal of the first power amplifier satisfies a defined output value,wherein the first output signal comprises a first channel frequency;implementing a second signal linearization to a second input signal of asecond power amplifier for a defined azimuth direction associated with asecond channel frequency of a second output signal of the second poweramplifier; and implementing a third signal linearization to the secondinput signal of the second power amplifier for a defined elevationdirection associated with the second channel frequency of the secondoutput signal.
 11. The system of claim 10, wherein the operationsfurther comprise: determining that an adjacent channel leakage ratio ofthe first output signal of a power supply satisfies the defined outputvalue; and discontinuing the implementing of the first signallinearization.
 12. The system of claim 10, wherein the implementing ofthe first signal linearization and the implementing of the second signallinearization comprise mitigating spatial emissions in an azimuthdirection and an elevation direction.
 13. The system of claim 10,wherein the implementing of the first signal linearization and theimplementing of the second signal linearization comprise mitigating anadjacent channel leakage ratio amount.
 14. The system of claim 10,wherein the first channel frequency is adjacent to the second channelfrequency.
 15. The system of claim 10, wherein the operations furthercomprise: based on a second determination that a power level in thesecond channel frequency is less than a defined threshold azimuth level,discontinuing the implementing of the third signal linearization. 16.The system of claim 10, wherein the operations further comprise: basedon a second determination that a second power level in the secondchannel frequency is less than a defined threshold elevation level,discontinuing the implementing of the second signal linearization. 17.The system of claim 10, wherein the first output signal and the secondoutput signal are signals configured to operate according to a new radionetwork communication protocol.
 18. A non-transitory machine-readablemedium, comprising executable instructions that, when executed by aprocessor, facilitate performance of operations, comprising: mitigatinga radiation pattern, wherein the mitigating comprises: applying a firstpre-distortion signal to an input signal of a power amplifier for adefined azimuth direction associated with a channel frequency of anoutput signal of the power amplifier, and applying a secondpre-distortion signal to the input signal of the power amplifier for adefined elevation direction associated with the channel frequency of theoutput signal, wherein the mitigating of the radiation pattern comprisesmitigating the radiation pattern associated with the output signal. 19.The non-transitory machine-readable medium of claim 18, wherein theradiation pattern is a function of the output signal, a first antennaelement pattern in a vertical domain, and a second antenna elementpattern in an azimuth domain.
 20. The non-transitory machine-readablemedium of claim 18, wherein the operations further comprise: based on afirst determination that a power level in the channel frequency is lessthan a defined threshold azimuth level, discontinuing the applying ofthe second pre-distortion signal; and based on a second determinationthat the power level in the channel frequency is less than a definedthreshold elevation level, discontinuing the applying of the firstpre-distortion signal.